Hip dysplasia
Abnormal development of the hip joint where the ball and socket don't fit properly. Inherited; common in many large breeds. Leads to arthritis.
Hip dysplasia is a developmental orthopaedic condition where the femoral head and acetabulum (socket) don't articulate properly. Over time the joint develops laxity, abnormal wear, and arthritis.
It is heavily inherited — Labrador, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Rottweiler, Bernese Mountain Dog, Newfoundland, and many other large breeds are predisposed. Breeding programmes that score hips (PennHIP, OFA, BVA hip scoring) reduce incidence.
Signs in young dogs: "bunny-hopping" gait, reluctance to climb stairs, difficulty rising, narrow stance behind. Some young dogs show signs as early as 4–8 months. Older dogs with developing arthritis show stiffness, slower walks, and exercise intolerance.
Treatment depends on age and severity. Young dogs with severe dysplasia may benefit from surgical procedures (juvenile pubic symphysiodesis, triple pelvic osteotomy, total hip replacement). Older dogs are managed with weight control, joint-supportive diet, omega-3, monthly joint injections, NSAIDs, and physical therapy.
Maintaining lean body weight is the single most powerful intervention. Hydrotherapy is excellent for symptomatic dogs.